Paediatrcs Society Of Ghana: Overview Of Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice, the yellowish discoloration of a baby’s skin and eyes, is a common condition caused by elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. It’s usually a normal physiological process as the baby’s liver adjusts to processing bilirubin after birth, but it can sometimes lead to serious complications. 

What is bilirubin?

Bilirubin is a yellow substance produced when old red blood cells are broken down. In newborns, the liver is still maturing and may not be able to process bilirubin efficiently, leading to a build-up in the blood. 

Why does it happen?

Several factors can contribute to neonatal jaundice:

• Physiologic jaundice:A common and usually harmless form that occurs due to the newborn’s immature liver and increased bilirubin production. 
• Breast milk jaundice:Can occur in some babies who are exclusively breastfed, possibly due to hormonal or other factors in breast milk. 
• Pathologic jaundice:More serious forms caused by underlying conditions like blood group incompatibility (e.g., Rh incompatibility), infections, or enzyme deficiencies. 
• Other factors:Prematurity, certain medications, and gestational age can also play a role. 

What are the symptoms?

• Yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, starting on the face and then spreading to the body.
• Excessive sleepiness or listlessness.
• Poor feeding.
• In some cases, a baby may have difficulty waking up or be abnormally inactive. 

When to seek medical attention?

It’s crucial to consult a doctor if you notice any signs of jaundice in your baby, especially if:

• Jaundice appears in the first 24 hours of life. 
• The jaundice worsens or doesn’t improve within a few days. 
• Your baby has other symptoms like lethargy, poor feeding, or high-pitched crying. 

Treatment:

Treatment for neonatal jaundice varies depending on the severity and cause. Common methods include:

• Phototherapy: Using special blue lights to help break down bilirubin. 
• Exchange transfusion: In very rare cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to lower bilirubin levels. 
• Monitoring: Regular blood tests to track bilirubin levels and ensure the treatment is effective. 

Potential complications:

In severe cases, untreated jaundice can lead to a serious condition called kernicterus, which can cause brain damage. 

Important points:

• Neonatal jaundice is common, but it’s essential to monitor for signs of it and seek medical advice promptly. 
• Most cases of jaundice resolve without significant problems, but some require treatment to prevent complications. 
• Early intervention is key to preventing the development of kernicterus. 

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